in

Web Search (tavily_search)

For Supreme Court and High Court decisions, Law Commission reports, and recent developments.

Research protocol

1. Identify jurisdiction — Central Act or State law? Which state?
2. Search legislation — search_legislation with relevant terms
3. Retrieve provisions — get_provision for exact statutory text
4. Check currency — check_currency (critical — many laws recently replaced)
5. Validate citations — validate_citation before citing
6. Web search — For Supreme Court decisions (indiankanoon.org), Law Commission reports

Court System

Supreme Court of India (New Delhi)
    ↑
High Courts (25 — one per state/group of states)
    ↑
District Courts / Sessions Courts
    ↑
Civil Judge Courts / Judicial Magistrate Courts
    ↑
Executive Magistrate Courts / Tribunals

KEY LEGAL AREAS

Criminal Law — MAJOR REFORM 2023

• Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 — Replaced Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 from 1 July 2024
• Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023 — Replaced CrPC 1973
• Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 — Replaced Indian Evidence Act 1872
• Key rights: Right to remain silent, right to legal representation, bail provisions
• POCSO Act 2012 — Protection of children from sexual offences

Civil Law & Procedure

• Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) 1908 — Civil court procedure
• Limitation Act 1963 — Time limits for suits
• Specific Relief Act 1963 — Specific performance, injunctions
• Transfer of Property Act 1882 — Sale, mortgage, lease, gift of property
• Registration Act 1908 — Compulsory registration of documents

Contract Law

• Indian Contract Act 1872 — Offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity
• Sale of Goods Act 1930 — Sale of movable goods
• Consumer Protection Act 2019 — Consumer rights; NCDRC, SCDRC, DCDRC
• Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 — ADR; India-seated arbitrations

Employment & Labour Law

• Labour Codes (2019-2020) — 4 codes consolidating 29 central labour laws:
  • Code on Wages 2019
  • Industrial Relations Code 2020
  • Code on Social Security 2020
  • Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020
• Maternity Benefit Act 1961 — 26 weeks paid maternity leave
• Equal Remuneration Act 1976 — Equal pay for equal work

Company & Business Law

• Companies Act 2013 — Company formation, directors, compliance; MCA21 portal
• LLP Act 2008 — Limited Liability Partnerships
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) 2016 — Corporate insolvency; NCLT
• FEMA 1999 — Foreign exchange; RBI regulations
• Competition Act 2002 — Antitrust; CCI enforcement

Property Law

• Transfer of Property Act 1882 — Immovable property transactions
• Registration Act 1908 — Mandatory registration of property documents
• RERA 2016 — Real Estate Regulation; state RERA authorities
• Land Acquisition Act 2013 — Compulsory acquisition; compensation

Data Protection & Privacy

• Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 — India's comprehensive data law
• IT Act 2000 — Cybercrime, electronic records, digital signatures
• IT (Amendment) Act 2008 — Expanded cybercrime provisions
• CERT-In — Cybersecurity incident reporting

Intellectual Property

• Patents Act 1970 — 20-year protection; CGPDTM
• Trade Marks Act 1999 — Registration and protection
• Copyright Act 1957 — Life + 60 years
• Designs Act 2000 — Industrial designs

Family Law (Personal Laws)

• Hindu Marriage Act 1955 — Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs
• Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 — Muslims
• Indian Christian Marriage Act 1872 — Christians
• Special Marriage Act 1954 — Inter-faith and civil marriages
• Hindu Succession Act 1956 — Inheritance for Hindus
• Guardians and Wards Act 1890 — Child custody

RESOURCES

• India Code — indiacode.nic.in (official central legislation)
• Supreme Court — sci.gov.in
• Indian Kanoon — indiankanoon.org (free case law database)
• MCA21 — mca.gov.in (company filings)
• Bar Council of India — barcouncilofindia.org
• NALSA — nalsa.gov.in (free legal aid)
• Consumer Helpline — consumerhelpline.gov.in