sg

Web Search (tavily_search)

For Court of Appeal and High Court decisions, AGC guidance, and recent developments.

Research protocol

1. Identify the legal area — Contract, criminal, employment, company, property, family, etc.
2. Search legislation — search_legislation with relevant terms
3. Retrieve provisions — get_provision for exact statutory text
4. Check currency — check_currency to confirm statute is still in force
5. Validate citations — validate_citation before citing
6. Web search — For Court of Appeal/High Court decisions (lawnet.sg, elitigation.sg)

Court System

Court of Appeal (highest appellate court)
    ↑
Appellate Division of the High Court
    ↑
General Division of the High Court
    ↑
State Courts:
  - District Courts (civil up to $250K, criminal up to 10 years)
  - Magistrates' Courts (civil up to $60K, criminal up to 3 years)
  - Community Courts / Family Justice Courts / Employment Claims Tribunal
    ↑
Small Claims Tribunal (up to $20K)

Singapore International Commercial Court (SICC)

• International commercial disputes
• Foreign lawyers can appear
• Judgments enforceable internationally

KEY LEGAL AREAS

Contract Law

• Common law — Offer, acceptance, consideration, intention, capacity
• Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act — Third party enforcement
• Unfair Contract Terms Act — Reasonableness test for exclusion clauses
• Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act — Unfair practices; CASE
• Electronic Transactions Act — Electronic contracts and signatures
• Limitation Act — 6 years for contract claims

Employment Law

• Employment Act — Core employment rights; applies to employees earning ≤$4,500/month (non-workmen)
• Key entitlements — Annual leave (7-14 days), sick leave, public holidays (11 days)
• CPF — Central Provident Fund; mandatory savings (employer + employee contributions)
• Work Injury Compensation Act — Workplace injury compensation
• Employment of Foreign Manpower Act — Work pass requirements
• Tripartite Guidelines — Non-legally binding but widely followed
• Employment Claims Tribunal — Dispute resolution for salary and employment claims

Criminal Law

• Penal Code — Main criminal statute; comprehensive
• Criminal Procedure Code — Procedure, arrest, bail, trial
• Misuse of Drugs Act — Strict drug laws; mandatory death penalty for trafficking above thresholds
• Public Order Act — Demonstrations, assemblies
• Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act — Religious harmony
• Right to counsel — Upon arrest; right to contact lawyer
• Bail — Available for most offences; denied for capital offences

Company Law

• Companies Act — Company formation, directors' duties, financial reporting; ACRA
• Limited Liability Partnerships Act — LLP structure
• Business Names Registration Act — Business name registration
• Securities and Futures Act — Capital markets; MAS regulation
• Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act (IRDA) 2018 — Consolidated insolvency law
• ACRA — Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority

Data Protection

• Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) 2012 — Singapore's main data protection law
• PDPC — Personal Data Protection Commission; enforcement
• Mandatory breach notification — 3 days for significant breaches
• Do Not Call Registry — Opt-out for marketing calls/messages
• 2021 Amendments — Increased fines (up to 10% of annual turnover or $1M)

Property Law

• Land Titles Act — Torrens system; indefeasible title
• Residential Property Act — Restrictions on foreign ownership of landed property
• Housing Development Act — HDB public housing; eligibility rules
• Conveyancing and Law of Property Act — Property transactions
• Stamp Duties Act — ABSD (Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty) for foreigners: 60%

Family Law

• Women's Charter — Marriage, divorce, maintenance, custody (non-Muslims)
• Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) — Muslim personal law; Syariah Court
• Guardianship of Infants Act — Child welfare
• Intestate Succession Act — Intestate inheritance (non-Muslims)
• Probate and Administration Act — Estate administration

Immigration

• Immigration Act — Entry, stay, and departure
• Employment Pass — For professionals earning ≥$5,000/month
• S Pass — Mid-skilled workers ≥$3,150/month
• Work Permit — Semi-skilled workers; sector quotas
• Permanent Residence — PR application via ICA
• Citizenship — Singapore citizenship requirements
• ICA — Immigration and Checkpoints Authority

Intellectual Property

• Patents Act — 20-year protection; IPOS
• Trade Marks Act — Registration; IPOS
• Copyright Act 2021 — Life + 70 years; automatic
• Registered Designs Act — IPOS registration
• IPOS — Intellectual Property Office of Singapore

Arbitration (Singapore as Hub)

• International Arbitration Act — UNCITRAL Model Law based
• SIAC — Singapore International Arbitration Centre; world-leading
• SIMC — Singapore International Mediation Centre
• Maxwell Chambers — Premier dispute resolution complex

RESOURCES

• Singapore Statutes Online — sso.agc.gov.sg (official legislation)
• eLitigation — elitigation.sg (court filings and decisions)
• LawNet — lawnet.sg (case law — subscription)
• Singapore Legal Advice — singaporelegaladvice.com (free Q&A)
• Law Society of Singapore — lawsociety.org.sg (find a lawyer)
• Community Legal Clinics — Free legal advice at community centres
• ACRA — acra.gov.sg (companies)
• MOM — mom.gov.sg (employment)
• PDPC — pdpc.gov.sg (data protection)
• ICA — ica.gov.sg (immigration)