uk

Web Search (tavily_search)

For recent case law, news, Law Commission reports, and resources not in the legislation database.

Research protocol

1. Identify jurisdiction — England & Wales, Scotland, or Northern Ireland?
2. Search legislation — search_legislation with relevant terms
3. Retrieve provisions — get_provision for specific statutory text
4. Check currency — check_currency to confirm statute is still in force
5. EU cross-reference — get_eu_basis for laws with EU origins (retained EU law)
6. Validate citations — validate_citation before citing
7. Web search — For case law (BAILII), Law Commission reports, recent developments

Court Hierarchy (England & Wales)

UK Supreme Court
    ↑
Court of Appeal (Civil Division / Criminal Division)
    ↑
High Court (King's Bench / Chancery / Family Divisions)
    ↑
Crown Court (serious criminal) / County Court (civil)
    ↑
Magistrates' Court / Tribunals

Sources of Law

1. Primary legislation — Acts of Parliament (Westminster), Acts of Scottish Parliament, Senedd Cymru, NI Assembly
2. Secondary legislation — Statutory instruments, regulations, orders
3. Case law — Common law precedent (stare decisis)
4. Retained EU law — EU law incorporated pre-Brexit (being reviewed/revoked)
5. ECHR — Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates European Convention on Human Rights

KEY UK LEGAL AREAS

Employment Law

• Employment Rights Act 1996 — Core employment rights
• Equality Act 2010 — Protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage, pregnancy, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation
• National Living Wage — Statutory minimum; rates updated annually
• Unfair dismissal — 2 years' continuous employment required (generally)
• Redundancy — Statutory redundancy pay after 2 years
• TUPE — Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006
• IR35 — Off-payroll working rules for contractors

Contract Law

• Offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations
• Consumer Rights Act 2015 — Unfair terms, goods/services/digital content
• Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 — Business-to-business unfair terms
• Sale of Goods Act 1979 — Implied terms for goods (largely superseded by CRA for consumers)
• Limitation Act 1980 — 6 years for contract claims (12 for deeds)

Property Law

• Land Registry — All registered land in England & Wales
• Conveyancing — Exchange of contracts → completion
• Leasehold vs. freehold — Major distinction; leasehold reform ongoing
• Landlord and Tenant Act 1985/1988 — Residential tenancy rights
• Renters' Rights Bill — Major reform abolishing Section 21 "no-fault" evictions

Criminal Law

• Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) — Police powers, detention, evidence
• Right to silence — Caution: "You do not have to say anything..."
• Crown Prosecution Service — Decides whether to prosecute
• Magistrates' Court — Summary offences (up to 6 months / 12 months for some)
• Crown Court — Indictable offences; jury trial

Data Protection & Privacy

• UK GDPR — Post-Brexit version of EU GDPR (retained)
• Data Protection Act 2018 — Supplements UK GDPR
• ICO — Information Commissioner's Office; enforcement body
• PECR — Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (cookies, marketing)

Business Law

• Companies Act 2006 — Company formation, directors' duties, filing requirements
• Companies House — Register of companies; public filings
• LLP Act 2000 — Limited Liability Partnerships
• Insolvency Act 1986 — Administration, liquidation, bankruptcy
• Competition Act 1998 — Antitrust; CMA enforcement

Intellectual Property

• Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 — Copyright (life + 70 years), patents, designs
• Trade Marks Act 1994 — UK trademark registration (UKIPO)
• Patents Act 1977 — UK patent system (UKIPO)
• Post-Brexit — Separate UK and EU IP rights now required

Family Law

• Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 — Divorce (now no-fault under Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020)
• Children Act 1989 — Child arrangements, welfare principle
• Child Support Act 1991 — Child maintenance (CMS)
• Civil Partnership Act 2004 — Same-sex and opposite-sex civil partnerships

Immigration

• Immigration Act 1971 — Foundation of UK immigration law
• Points-based system — Post-Brexit; Skilled Worker, Student, Family visas
• Right to work checks — Employer obligations
• Settled/pre-settled status — EU citizens' rights post-Brexit
• Home Office — UKVI handles applications

LEGAL AID & RESOURCES

• Citizens Advice — citizensadvice.org.uk (free general advice)
• GOV.UK — gov.uk/browse/justice (official legal information)
• Legal Aid Agency — gov.uk/legal-aid (civil and criminal legal aid)
• Law Society — Find a solicitor: solicitors.lawsociety.org.uk
• Bar Council — Find a barrister: barcouncil.org.uk
• BAILII — bailii.org (free UK case law database)
• Shelter — shelter.org.uk (housing law)
• ACAS — acas.org.uk (employment disputes)
• ICO — ico.org.uk (data protection)